The electrosurgical unit is a medical device, capable of producing high frequency electromagnetic waves, with which it is possible to cut and coagulate soft human tissue, through currents that develop above 200,000 Hz, because these do not interfere with the nervous processes and only produce heat. This device uses electrical phenomena to produce heat; its objective is to coagulate, glow, desiccate or cut tissues, depending on the established parameters.
What are the parts of the electrosurgical unit?
An electrosurgical unit is composed of a series of individual units that together constitute an electrical circuit, the current must flow from a generator to an active electrode, through the tissue, and return to the generator via an inactive dispersion electrode. The basic parts of an electrosurgical unit are:
- Indicators of the operating modes.
- Power selectors.
- Foot switch.
How the electrosurgical unit works
The production of heat is achieved through the passage of oscillatory electric current, concentrated in a small area. The smaller the space in which the current flows, the higher the energy density at this point, resulting in higher and higher temperatures.
The heat energy comes from the electrons moving from the atoms at the rate of a difference in electrical potential; This movement of particles generates photons that carry energy, which is transformed into heat energy.
The wave of the electrosurgical unit refers to the variations of alternating current. Among the types of waves we find: highly damped, moderately damped, combined current, pure sine wave.
The radio frequency oscillator module of the electrosurgical unit creates the carrier wave, and the coagulation oscillator the modulating signal. These two waves are mixed in the modulator. They are then enlarged in the power amplifier, to exit, according to selection, through the monopolar socket towards the electrosurgery pencil, or the bipolar socket, towards the coagulator forceps.
Modes of operation of an electrosurgical unit
- Shear: The direct current frequency induces heat in wave form and explodes tissue cells immediately in front of the guided blade. To technically obtain the cutting condition, the thinnest possible contact electrodes will be used.
- Fulguration: Refers to the use of a single treatment electrode capable of producing a spark without touching the tissue. In this process the tissue is superficially charred by high voltage and repeated electrosurgical arcs.
- Desiccation: It is the superficial destruction of tissues, due to dehydration. It is essentially the same as fulguration, except that the treatment electrode is in contact with the tissue and does not produce sparks. The tip of the electrode is gently moved across the surface of the treated lesion or inserted into thick keratotic lesions
- Coagulation: The electrosurgical unit produces denaturation of proteins and uses a biterminal method. In electrocoagulation the current is low voltage and high amperage. Due to this, it produces more heat than desiccation, with a greater destructive effect, making it more penetrating.
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